基于国家站和区域站的新疆夏半年降水及极端性特征分析

Analysis of summer half-year precipitation and extreme characteristics in Xinjiang based on national and regional meteorological stations

摘要:

应用2019—2023年5—9月新疆国家级气象站（简称国家站）和区域自动气象站（简称区域站）降水数据，对比分析二者对新疆降水特征的描述效果。结果表明：国家站和区域站降水量相关性显著，夏半年区域站和国家站降水量平均值分别为103.2 mm和89.0 mm，极大值分别为451.2 mm和395.7 mm；区域站和国家站月最大降水量平均值分别为67.4 mm和56.3 mm，极大值分别为335.5 mm和167.6 mm；区域站降水量均高于国家站，降水量的偏态特征较国家站明显。区域站降水量呈沿山系的带状分布，国家站在山区零星分布，两类站点降水量集中区间一致，但国家站对降水的离散性和局地性描述不足，不能详细刻画25 mm以下和100 mm以上极端降水的空间分布特征。新疆极端降水事件的空间分布与地形密切相关，盆地内国家站高于区域站，山区则相反。不同地形条件下，两类站点降水量级差异悬殊，区域站在海拔落差较大的复杂地形区更具优势。区域站数据能监测到更多、更强的极端降水事件，为预报预测和防灾减灾服务提供更精细的实况信息。

Abstract:

Precipitation data from May-September 2019-2023 from national meteorological stations (national stations) and regional automatic meteorological stations (regional stations) in Xinjiang are applied to compare and analyze the effectiveness of the two in describing the precipitation characteristics in Xinjiang. The results are as follows. The correlation between precipitation at national and regional stations is significant. The average precipitation of regional and national stations in the summer half-year is 103.2 mm and 89.0 mm respectively, and the maximum precipitation is 451.2 mm and 395.7 mm respectively. The average monthly maximum precipitation of regional and national stations is 67.4 mm and 56.3 mm respectively, and the maximum precipitation is 335.5 mm and 167.6 mm respectively. The average precipitation at the regional station is higher than that at the national station, and the skewed character of precipitation is more pronounced than that at the national station. Precipitation at regional stations is distributed in bands along the mountain system, and national stations are sporadically distributed in the mountains.The precipitation concentration intervals are consistent between the two types of stations, but the discrete and localized nature of precipitation is not sufficiently described by the national stations to characterize in detail the spatial distribution of precipitation extremes of less than 25 mm and more than 100 mm. The spatial distribution of extreme precipitation events in Xinjiang is closely related to the topography, with national stations higher than regional stations in the basin and the opposite in the mountains. The difference in precipitation levels between the two types of stations under different terrain conditions is significant, with regional stations having an advantage in complex terrain areas with large elevation differences. Regional station data can monitor more and stronger extreme precipitation events, providing more refined real-time information for forecast prediction and disaster prevention and mitigation services.